M'mizinda ikuluikulu, njinga zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi ma pedal ponyamula katundu wolemera pang'onopang'ono zikulowa m'malo mwa magalimoto onyamula katundu wamba.
Lachiwiri lililonse, munthu wina m'mphepete mwa nyanja akukwera njinga yachilendo ya ma tricycle anayima pabwalo kunja kwa shopu ya ayisikilimu ya Kate ku Portland, Oregon, kuti akatenge katundu watsopano.
Anayika mabokosi 30 a ayisikilimu ya Kate yogulitsa zinthu monga ayisikilimu ya vegan yokhala ndi ma waffle cones ndi marionberry cobbler m'thumba la firiji, ndipo anaika pamodzi ndi katundu wina m'bokosi lachitsulo lomwe linali kumbuyo kwa mpando. Atanyamula katundu wolemera makilogalamu 600, anayendetsa galimoto kupita kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Sandy Boulevard.
Kuyenda kulikonse kwa pedal kumakulitsidwa ndi injini yamagetsi yopanda phokoso yobisika mu chassis. Ngakhale kuti ankayendetsa galimoto yamalonda ya mamita 1.5 m'lifupi, iye ankayenda pa njinga.
Patatha kilomita imodzi ndi theka, njinga ya ma triple wheel inafika ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya B-line Urban Delivery. Kampaniyo ili pakati pa mzinda, pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Willamette. Amanyamula katundu m'nyumba zosungiramo katundu zazing'ono komanso zokhazikika kuposa nyumba zosungiramo katundu zazikulu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyamula katundu.
Gawo lililonse la vutoli ndi losiyana ndi njira zambiri zotumizira katundu zomwe zimadutsa makilomita ochepa masiku ano. N'zosavuta kuganiza za ntchito ya B-line ngati chinthu china chodziwika bwino ku Portland. Koma mapulojekiti ofanana akukulirakulira m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya ku Ulaya monga Paris ndi Berlin. Zinali zovomerezeka ku Chicago; zavomerezedwa ku New York City, komwe Amazon.com Inc. ili ndi njinga zamagetsi 200 zotumizira katundu.
Katelyn Williams, mwiniwake wa ayisikilimu, anati: “Nthawi zonse zimakhala zothandiza kusakhala ndi galimoto yaikulu ya dizilo.”
Ichi ndi chofunikira kuti dziko lonse lapansi likhale ndi njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu kapena njinga zamagetsi zitatu zomwe zikusinthabe. Ndi gulu la njinga zamagetsi zothandizidwa ndi pedal zomwe zakhala zikutchuka kwambiri panthawi ya mliriwu. Othandizira akuti magalimoto ang'onoang'ono amagetsi amatha kuyenda mtunda waufupi ndikutumiza katundu mwachangu m'malo okhala anthu ambiri mumzindawu, pomwe akuchepetsa kuchulukana kwa magalimoto, phokoso ndi kuipitsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha magalimoto akuluakulu a forklift.
Komabe, zachuma izi sizinatsimikizidwebe m'misewu ya ku United States yomwe imakonda magalimoto. Njira imeneyi imafuna kuganiziranso bwino momwe katundu amalowera mumzindawu. Mtundu watsopano wachilendo ungayambitse mikangano m'madera omwe ali kale ndi magalimoto ambiri, okwera njinga, ndi oyenda pansi.
Njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu ndi njira yothetsera vuto lalikulu kwambiri pankhani yokhudza kayendetsedwe ka katundu. Kodi mumapeza bwanji katunduyo kudzera mu ulalo womaliza kuchokera ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu kupita pakhomo?
Vuto ndilakuti ngakhale kuti chilakolako chofuna kuchita zinthu chikuwoneka kuti chilibe malire, malo ogona m'mbali mwa msewu alibe malire.
Anthu okhala mumzinda amadziwa kale magalimoto oimika magalimoto (ndi oimikanso magalimoto) ndi ma tram okhala ndi magetsi owopsa. Kwa odutsa, izi zikutanthauza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto komanso kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. Kwa otumiza katundu, izi zikutanthauza kuti mitengo yotumizira katundu imakhala yokwera komanso nthawi yocheperako yotumizira katundu. Mu Okutobala, ofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Washington adapeza kuti magalimoto otumiza katundu ankawononga 28% ya nthawi yawo yotumizira katundu kufunafuna malo oimika magalimoto.
Mary Catherine Snyder, katswiri woona za malo oimika magalimoto ku City of Seattle, anati: “Kufunika kwa malo oimika magalimoto m’misewu n’kokulirapo kuposa momwe tikufunira. Mzinda wa Seattle unayesa njinga zamagalimoto atatu zamagetsi ndi UPS Inc. chaka chatha.
Mliri wa COVID-19 wangowonjezera chisokonezo. Panthawi yotsekedwa, makampani opereka chithandizo monga UPS ndi Amazon adakumana ndi mavuto aakulu. Ofesi ikhoza kukhala yopanda anthu, koma msewu wa m'tawuni udatsekedwanso ndi ogulitsa katundu omwe adagwiritsa ntchito ntchito za Grubhub Inc. ndi DoorDash Inc. kunyamula chakudya kuchokera ku lesitilanti kupita kunyumba.
Kuyeseraku kukuchitika. Makampani ena okonza zinthu akuyesa kuthekera kwa kasitomala kuti apewe chitseko, ndipo m'malo mwake akuyika mapaketi m'malo osungiramo zinthu, kapena pankhani ya Amazon, m'galimoto. Ma drone amathanso kukhala okwera mtengo, ngakhale kuti akhoza kukhala okwera mtengo kwambiri kupatulapo kunyamula zinthu zopepuka komanso zamtengo wapatali monga mankhwala.
Otsutsa amati njinga zazing'ono komanso zosinthasintha zamagalimoto atatu zimakhala zachangu kuposa magalimoto akuluakulu ndipo zimapangitsa kuti mpweya woipa ukhale wochepa. Ndi wosavuta kusuntha mumsewu, ndipo ukhoza kuyimitsidwa pamalo ang'onoang'ono kapena ngakhale pamsewu.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wokhudza njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu zomwe zinayikidwa ku University of Toronto chaka chatha, kusintha magalimoto otumizira katundu nthawi zonse ndi njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu kungachepetse mpweya woipa wa carbon ndi matani 1.9 pachaka - ngakhale njinga zamagetsi zambiri zonyamula katundu ndi magalimoto otumizira katundu nthawi zambiri zimafunika.
Mkulu wa bungwe la B-line komanso woyambitsa Franklin Jones (Franklin Jones) adati mu webinar yaposachedwa kuti anthu ambiri akamachulukirachulukira, mtengo woyendera njinga umachepa.
Kuti njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu zipite patsogolo, payenera kukhala kusintha kwakukulu: nyumba zosungiramo katundu zazing'ono za m'deralo. Makampani ambiri okonza zinthu amaika nyumba zawo zazikulu zosungiramo katundu m'mphepete mwa mzinda. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti njinga ndi zazifupi kwambiri, amafunika malo ogwirira ntchito pafupi. Amatchedwa ma mini hubs.
Malo ang'onoang'ono otchedwa hotelo yonyamula katundu akugwiritsidwa ntchito kale ku Paris. M'mphepete mwa nyanjayi, kampani yatsopano yotchedwa Reef Technology idapambana ndalama zokwana $700 miliyoni zothandizira malo ake oimika magalimoto mumzinda mwezi watha kuti iphatikizepo kutumiza katundu womaliza.
Malinga ndi Bloomberg News, Amazon yakhazikitsanso malo ogawa zinthu ang'onoang'ono okwana 1,000 ku United States konse.
Sam Starr, katswiri wodziyimira pawokha wokonza zinthu zokhazikika ku Canada, anati kuti njinga zonyamula katundu zigwiritsidwe ntchito, mawilo ang'onoang'ono awa ayenera kufalikira mkati mwa mtunda wa makilomita awiri mpaka asanu ndi limodzi, kutengera kuchuluka kwa mzinda.
Ku United States, mpaka pano, zotsatira za katundu wamagetsi sizikudziwika. Chaka chatha, UPS idapeza mu kuyesa kwa njinga yamagetsi yamagetsi ku Seattle kuti njingayo inkapereka mapaketi ochepa kwambiri mu ola limodzi kuposa magalimoto wamba m'dera lotanganidwa la Seattle.
Kafukufukuyu akukhulupirira kuti kuyesa komwe kumatenga mwezi umodzi wokha kungakhale kochepa kwambiri moti sikungathe kubweretsa njinga. Koma adawonetsanso kuti ubwino wa njinga - zazing'ono - ndi wofooka.
Kafukufukuyu anati: “Njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu sizingakhale zogwira ntchito bwino ngati magalimoto akuluakulu.” Kuchepa kwa katundu wawo kumatanthauza kuti amatha kuchepetsa kutumiza katundu nthawi iliyonse akamayendera, ndipo amafunika kuyikanso katundu pafupipafupi.”
Mu mzinda wa New York, munthu wamalonda dzina lake Gregg Zuman, yemwe anayambitsa kampani ya Revolutionary Rickshaw, wakhala akuyesera kubweretsa njinga zamagetsi kwa anthu ambiri kwa zaka 15 zapitazi. Akugwirabe ntchito mwakhama.
Lingaliro loyamba la Zuman linali kupanga njinga zamagalimoto atatu zamagetsi mu 2005. Zimenezo sizikugwirizana ndi holo ya taxi mumzindawu. Mu 2007, Unduna wa Magalimoto unatsimikiza kuti njinga zamalonda zitha kuyendetsedwa ndi anthu okha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizidzayendetsedwa ndi magalimoto amagetsi. Rickshaw yosinthayi inayimitsidwa kwa zaka zoposa khumi.
Chaka chatha chinali mwayi wothetsa vutoli. Anthu okhala ku New York, monga okhala m'mizinda padziko lonse lapansi, amakonda ma scooter amagetsi am'misewu komanso njinga zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magetsi.
Mu Disembala, mzinda wa New York City unavomereza kuyesa njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu ku Manhattan ndi makampani akuluakulu okonza zinthu monga UPS, Amazon ndi DHL. Nthawi yomweyo, opereka chithandizo cha maulendo monga Bird, Uber ndi Lime anayang'ana msika waukulu kwambiri mdzikolo ndipo anakakamiza nyumba yamalamulo ya boma kuti ivomereze ma scooter amagetsi ndi njinga. Mu Januwale, Bwanamkubwa Andrew Cuomo (D) anasiya kutsutsa kwake ndikukhazikitsa lamuloli.
Zuman anati: “Izi zimatipangitsa kugonja.” Iye ananena kuti pafupifupi njinga zonse zamagetsi zomwe zili pamsika zili ndi mainchesi osachepera 48 m'lifupi.
Malamulo a boma sakunena chilichonse pankhani ya njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu. M'mizinda ndi m'maboma, ngati pali malamulo, amakhala osiyana kwambiri.
Mu Okutobala, Chicago idakhala umodzi mwa mizinda yoyamba kulemba malamulo. Makhansala a mzindawu adavomereza malamulo omwe amalola magalimoto amagetsi kuyendetsa m'misewu ya njinga. Ali ndi malire othamanga kwambiri a 15 mph ndi m'lifupi mwa mamita 4. Dalaivala amafunika chilolezo cha njinga ndipo njingayo iyenera kuyimitsidwa pamalo oimika magalimoto nthawi zonse.
M'miyezi 18 yapitayi, kampani yayikulu ya zamalonda ndi zoyendera inanena kuti yatumiza njinga zamagetsi zokwana 200 ku Manhattan ndi Brooklyn, ndipo ikufuna kupanga dongosololi kwambiri. Makampani ena oyendera zinthu monga DHL ndi FedEx Corp. alinso ndi oyendetsa magalimoto oyendera zinthu zamagetsi, koma si akuluakulu ngati Amazon.
Zuman anati, “M’zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, Amazon ipita patsogolo mofulumira pamsikawu.” “Imakwera mofulumira kwambiri kuposa aliyense.”
Bizinesi ya Amazon imatsutsana ndi B-line ya Portland. Siyochokera kwa ogulitsa kupita ku sitolo, koma kuchokera ku sitolo kupita kwa kasitomala. Whole Foods Market Inc., sitolo yayikulu ya Amazon, imatumiza zakudya ku Manhattan ndi Williamsburg, m'dera la Brooklyn.
Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka magalimoto ake amagetsi nakonso ndi kosiyana kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza momwe makampaniwa akugwirira ntchito bwino panthawiyi yachinyamata.
Magalimoto a Amazon si njinga zamagalimoto atatu. Iyi ndi njinga yamagetsi yamagetsi yachizolowezi. Mutha kukoka ngolo, kuimasula, ndikuyenda kulowa m'chipinda cholandirira alendo cha nyumbayo. (Zuman amatcha "ngolo ya olemera".) Pafupifupi njinga zonse zamagetsi zonyamula katundu zimapangidwa ku Europe. M'maiko ena, njinga zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma stroller kapena zonyamulira zakudya.
Kapangidwe kake kali paliponse. Anthu ena amaika wokwerayo pansi, pomwe ena amawerama. Ena amaika bokosi la katundu kumbuyo, ena amaika bokosilo kutsogolo. Ena ali panja, pomwe ena amakulunga woyendetsayo ndi chipolopolo chapulasitiki chowonekera bwino kuti asagwe mvula.
Jones, yemwe anayambitsa Portland, anati mzinda wa Portland sufunika chilolezo cha B-line ndipo suyenera kulipira ndalama zilizonse. Kuphatikiza apo, lamulo la Oregon limalola njinga kukhala ndi mphamvu zothandizira - mpaka ma watts 1,000 - kotero kuti njingayo ikhale ndi liwiro lofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto komanso kukhala ndi chithumwa chothandiza aliyense kukwera phiri.
Iye anati: “Popanda izi, sitingathe kulemba anthu osiyanasiyana okwera ndege, ndipo sipangakhale nthawi yokwanira yotumizira katundu yomwe tidawona.”
Line B ilinso ndi makasitomala. Iyi ndi njira yotumizira zinthu zakomweko za New Seasons Market, yomwe ndi unyolo wa masitolo 18 ogulitsa zakudya zachilengedwe m'chigawochi. Carlee Dempsey, Woyang'anira Zogulitsa Zamalonda ku New Seasons, anati dongosololi linayamba zaka zisanu zapitazo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti B-line ikhale mkhalapakati wa ogulitsa zakudya 120 zakomweko.
New Seasons imapatsa ogulitsa zinthu zina phindu lina: imapeza 30% ya ndalama zomwe amalipira pa mzere B. Izi zimawathandiza kupewa ogulitsa zakudya nthawi zonse omwe amalipira ndalama zambiri.
Mmodzi mwa ogulitsa amenewa ndi Adam Berger, mwini wa Portland Company Rollenti Pasta. Asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito B-line, ayenera kutumiza ku New Seasons Markets ndi Scion xB yake yaying'ono tsiku lonse.
Iye anati: “Zinali zankhanza chabe.” “Kugawa kwa mtunda womaliza ndiko kumatipha tonse, kaya ndi zinthu zouma, alimi kapena ena.”
Tsopano, anapereka bokosi la pasitala kwa galimoto yonyamula B-line ndipo anaiponda kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 9. Kenako amanyamulidwa kupita ku masitolo osiyanasiyana ndi magalimoto achikhalidwe.
Iye anati: “Ndine wochokera ku Portland, kotero zonsezi ndi mbali ya nkhaniyi. Ndine wa m'deralo, ndine waluso. Ndimapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ndikufuna kutumiza njinga kuti zigwire ntchito yoyenera ntchito yanga.” “Ndi zabwino kwambiri.”
Maloboti otumizira katundu ndi magalimoto amagetsi. Chithunzi chochokera: Starship Technologies (loboti yotumizira katundu) / Ayro (galimoto yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana)
Chithunzi chili pafupi ndi zida zotumizira katundu za Starship Technologies ndi galimoto yamagetsi ya Ayro Club Car 411. Starship Technologies (loboti yotumizira katundu) / Ayro (galimoto yamagetsi)
Amalonda angapo akugwiritsa ntchito micro-ray ku zida zotumizira katundu wamba. Arcimoto Inc., kampani yopanga magalimoto amagetsi okhala ndi mawilo atatu ku Oregon, ikulandira maoda a mtundu wa Deliverator wa mtunda wa makilomita ochepa. Wina amene walowa ndi Ayro Inc., kampani yopanga magalimoto ang'onoang'ono amagetsi ku Texas omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu la 25 mph. Pafupifupi kukula kwa ngolo ya gofu, magalimoto ake makamaka amanyamula nsalu ndi chakudya m'malo odekha monga malo opumulirako ndi masukulu a yunivesite.
Koma CEO Rod Keller anati kampaniyo tsopano ikupanga mtundu womwe ungayendetsedwe mumsewu, wokhala ndi chipinda chosungiramo chakudya cha munthu payekha. Kasitomala ndi malo odyera monga Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. kapena Panera Bread Co., ndipo amayesa kutumiza katunduyo pakhomo la kasitomala popanda kulipira ndalama zomwe kampani yotumizira chakudya tsopano ikulipiritsa.
Kumbali inayi pali maloboti ang'onoang'ono. Starship Technologies, yomwe ili ku San Francisco, ikukula mofulumira msika wake wamagalimoto ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mawilo asanu ndi limodzi, womwe suposa mafiriji a mowa. Amatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 4 ndipo ndi oyenera kuyenda pansi pa msewu.
Monga Ayro, idayamba kusukulu koma ikukula. Kampaniyo idati patsamba lake: "Pogwira ntchito ndi masitolo ndi malo odyera, timatumiza zinthu mwachangu, mwanzeru komanso motsika mtengo."
Magalimoto onsewa ali ndi ma mota amagetsi, omwe ali ndi ubwino wotsatira: oyera, opanda phokoso komanso osavuta kuwalipiritsa. Koma m'maso mwa okonza mapulani a mzinda, gawo la "galimoto" layamba kusokoneza malire omwe akhala akulekanitsa magalimoto ndi njinga kwa nthawi yayitali.
“Kodi munasintha liti kuchoka pa njinga kupita pa galimoto?” anafunsa katswiri wamalonda wa ku New York, Zuman. “Ili ndi limodzi mwa malire osamveka bwino omwe tiyenera kuthana nawo.”
Limodzi mwa malo omwe mizinda ya ku America ingayambe kuganizira za momwe ingayendetsere katundu wa pa intaneti ndi mtunda wa kilomita imodzi ku Santa Monica, California.
Mwambowu ndi Masewera a Olimpiki a ku Los Angeles a 2028 omwe akubwera. Mgwirizano wachigawo ukuyembekeza kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa mapaipi otulutsa utsi m'mizinda ndi kotala pofika nthawiyo, kuphatikizapo cholinga cholimba mtima chosintha 60% ya magalimoto otumizira katundu apakatikati kukhala magalimoto amagetsi. Mu June chaka chino, Santa Monica idapambana ndalama zokwana $350,000 kuti ipange malo oyamba otumizira mpweya wopanda utsi mdziko muno.
Santa Monica sikuti imangotulutsa malo okhawo, komanso imasunga malo ozungulira 10 mpaka 20, ndipo iwo okha (ndi magalimoto ena amagetsi) ndi omwe angaimitse malo ozungulira awa. Ndi malo oyamba oimika magalimoto amagetsi mdziko muno. Kamera idzatsatira momwe malowa akugwiritsidwira ntchito.
“Uku ndi kufufuza kwenikweni. Uku ndi kuyesa kwenikweni.” anatero Francis Stefan, yemwe akuyang'anira ntchitoyi monga mkulu wa oyendetsa magalimoto ku Santa Monica.
Malo osungira mpweya woipa m'mzindawu kumpoto kwa Los Angeles akuphatikizapo dera lapakati pa mzinda ndi Third Street Promenade, limodzi mwa malo ogulitsira zinthu zambiri ku Southern California.
“Kusankha msewu ndiye chinthu chofunika kwambiri,” anatero Matt Peterson, wapampando wa bungwe loona za magetsi la Transportation Electricification Cooperation Organization lomwe linasankha Santa Monica. “Muli ndi anthu ambiri omwe akutenga nawo mbali m’malo operekera chakudya, malo operekera chakudya, malo [a bizinesi ndi bizinesi].”
Ntchitoyi siyamba kwa miyezi ina isanu ndi umodzi, koma akatswiri amati mikangano pakati pa njinga zamagetsi ndi njira zina za njinga ndi yosapeweka.
Lisa Nisenson, katswiri wodziwa kuyenda ku WGI, kampani yokonza zomangamanga za anthu onse, anati: “Mwadzidzidzi, panali gulu la anthu omwe anali kupita kukakwera njinga, anthu oyenda pansi komanso amalonda.” “Kunayamba kudzaza anthu.”
Katswiri woona za katundu, Starr, anati chifukwa cha malo ake ochepa, sitima zamagetsi zimatha kuyimitsidwa m'misewu, makamaka m'malo okhala mipando, omwe ali ndi mabokosi a makalata, malo ogulitsira manyuzipepala, malo oimikapo nyale ndi mitengo.
Koma m'dera lopapatiza limenelo, njinga zamagetsi zonyamula katundu zikuyendetsa m'matayala a magalimoto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito molakwika ufulu wawo: ma scooter amagetsi amadziwika kuti amalepheretsa anthu kuyenda m'mizinda yambiri.
Ethan Bergson, wolankhulira Dipatimenti Yoona za Mayendedwe ku Seattle, anati: “Ndikovuta kuonetsetsa kuti anthu amaimika magalimoto moyenera kuti asapangitse anthu olumala kuyenda m’misewu.”
Nissensen anati ngati magalimoto ang'onoang'ono komanso osavuta kutumiza katundu angakwanitse izi, ndiye kuti mizinda ingafunike kupanga seti imodzi m'malo mwa zomwe amatcha "njira zoyendera", kutanthauza kuti, seti ziwiri za anthu wamba ndi zina za mabizinesi opepuka.
Palinso mwayi m'dera lina la phula lomwe lasiyidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa: mipata.
"Mukuyamba kuganiza zobwerera ku tsogolo, kuchotsa zinthu zina zamalonda mumsewu waukulu ndikulowa mkati, komwe sikungakhale wina kupatula anthu onyamula zinyalala zomwe zili zomveka?" Nisensen anafunsa.
Ndipotu, tsogolo la kutumiza mphamvu zazing'ono lingabwerere m'mbuyo. Magalimoto ambiri opumira komanso opumira a dizilo omwe njinga zamagetsi zimafuna kusintha ndi a UPS, kampani yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1907.